Analysis Of The Short Story Of An Hour - 1033 Words

The first paragraph of The Story of an Hour summarizes the main elements of the short story. We can begin to see the story take shape as the author gets straight to the point by stating Mrs. Mallard’s health ailment and the possible danger of unexpected news is highlighted with the words, â€Å"†¦great care must be taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death† (Mays 278). We can start to see the direction that Chopin is headed by this first paragraph and the title of the short story is a nod to the duration and the form of which this story will exist. I will begin my analysis by examining the title of this short story. Chopin is all too clever when she thought of this title. Chopin includes the duration of the short story (an hour) as well as letting us know that within this hour, the story will conclude. This gives us a time frame that will put the story into perspective when we continue reading about the events that will late r occur to Mrs. Mallard. The title tells me that all the events in the story can be limited to an hour time frame and adds to the sense of immediacy to Mrs. Mallard’s situation. It gave me the feeling of being a part of Mrs. Mallard’s story as I was reading the words. The â€Å"Story† portion of the title I interpreted two different ways: we are reading a literary tale about fictional characters that Kate Chopin created and we are reading a story that Mrs. Mallard lives in. Chopin successfully wrote a story within a â€Å"story† in myShow MoreRelatedKate Chopins Short Story The Story of an Hour: An Analysis974 Words   |  4 PagesChopins short story, The Story of an Hour is largely about the forms of repression that women were forced to endure during the epoch in which the story was written (1894) and during much of the time that preceded it. During this time period, women quite frequently had to subjugate themselves to the will of their husbands, or to some other man who had a significant amount of control over their lives. Chopin chooses to address this phenomenon in an indirect manner with this particular short story, althoughRead MoreEssay on Structural Technique in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin861 Words   |  4 PagesStructure provides guidance to the reader throughout a short story. Kate Chopin uses structural techniques to enhance â€Å"The Story of an Hour† from beginning to end. She follows formal structure to a certain degree, but occasionally strays to actual structure. Upon analysis of the organization of Chopin’s story, the reader understands the powerful meaning that is expressed in such a short piece. Initially, a short story begins with an exposition. This is the laying out of important background informationRead MoreFiction Essay657 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis; the Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour, Kate Chopin, characters, setting. â€Å"KateChopinorg. Kate Chopin International Society. N.d. web. 20 Nov. 2014. http://www.katechopin.org/the-story-of-an-hour/ This website is from the Author herself. There are many beneficially things from this website. She has a list of characters, the time and place, the themes, when this book was published, etc. It has a lot of helpful information and the story behind thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour955 Words   |  4 PagesLiterally analysis of Naturalism and the Short Story Form: Kate Chopin’s ‘The Story of an Hour† While Scott D. Emmert in Naturalism and the Short Story Form: Kate Chopin’s ‘The Story of an Hour’ points out the short stories cannot form a narrative because of their length and others would disagree. Admittedly, even though according to Scott short stories cannot form a narrative they are perfect for naturalist writers because short stories and poems tend to focus more on natural surroundings and theRead MoreKate Chopin s The Hour1361 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the greatest concerns of critics who have analyzed â€Å"The Story of the Hour† has been whether or not Mrs. Mallard was oppressed in her marriage or if she was depressed due to the lack of time she and her husband spent together. Time plays a crucial role in the story, from the time they have spent together, to the period of the story, and to the short time in which the story takes place. â€Å"The Story of the Hour,† is a story written by feminist author, Kate Chopin in 1894 that deals with maritalRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† by Kate Chopin is about a woman who dies after finding out that her husband, believed to be deceased, is actually alive. The short story â€Å"The Fathers Confession,† by Guy de Maupassant is about a man who confesses to a crime he committed to his children in a letter after he passes away. A close reading of these stories reveals themes of repressive relationships and freedom. In addition, the reader gains insight through analyzing characters with use of technicalRead More â€Å"Stylistic Techniques in Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour† 1108 Words   |  5 Pagescontribution. One such great writer, Kate Chopin often wrote about an alternative way of thinking in regards to a women’s position in the 19th Century. Chopin was well known for some of the most shaping feminist stories and novels during her time. Accordingly , in her short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Chopin tells the tale of Mrs. Mallard’s reaction to the death of her husband, instead of fearing the forlorn widow years ahead of her; she falters upon a different comprehension all together. After hearingRead MoreAnalytical Essay : Dead Man s Path By Chinua Achebe And A Clean, Well Lighted Place1337 Words   |  6 Pagesthree different short stories. Two of my favorite short stories this semester were Dead Man s Path† by Chinua Achebe and â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† By Ernest Hemingway. My third choice was a short story by Viginia Woolf called â€Å"A Haunted House.† â€Å"Dead Man’s Path† was written by a man named Chinua Achebe who was a devout christian. He was very talented and began learning English by the age of eight. While he was an undergraduate he began publishing short stories. In his short story â€Å"Dead Man’sRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Masque Of The Red Death1409 Words   |  6 PagesA Literary Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† Edgar Allan Poe is popularly known as a Gothic short story writer. He has produced many gruesome stories, including the short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†. In this short tale, Prince Prospero decides to lock himself and his friends of the court into a magnificently decorated abbey to escape becoming ill of a disease which has caused half the people in his land to perish. The Prince provides indulgences and throws partiesRead MoreThe Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is very intriguing, not only because of the emotional change Louise Mallard goes through the hour after her husband’s tragic death but also the way Chopin uses irony in the story. During this analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we will discuss the summary, plot, setting, tone, theme, point of view, emotions of Louise Mallard and other characters involved in the story. Chopin’s story uses the feelings of a married woman

Why Ebay Failed in China - 1913 Words

A report on Ebay and Taobao. Ebay v/s Taobao Critically evaluate eBay’s chosen market entry strategies, into the Chinese ‘C2C’ market, determining the shortcomings of the strategies deployed during the case study period. When entering into a new market, there are many aspects that must be considered in order for a company to be successful. Through this case study we will look at how eBay developed their market strategy using the concept of six key factors timing, location, marketing, HRM, logistics and ownership (Peng amp; Meyer, 2011) and obtain results on how the company fell apart into the China’s C2C market. EBay entered into Chinese market via acquisition of EachNet, a Chinese online auction established in 1999 by†¦show more content†¦This confusion was one of eBay’s largest problems and it gave Taobao an advantage over eBay (Yeh, 2007). As you can see, eBay made some vital mistakes with their entry strategy with China. EBay used ineffective marketing methods (through websites), not being able to respond to what customers wanted from a C2C market place, and, most critically, being unaware of rivals and their emergence in the market. Appendix 1 shows an analysis of the environment eBay was entering into, and illustrates some vital aspects that better market research could have highlighted for eBay (threat of substitute and internal competition with Taobao, for example). After analyzing the external environment of eBay using Porter’s five forces model, the next step is to focus internally at eBay’s core competencies in order to determine whether those strengths provide them with competitive advantages. In order to define these core competencies as competitive advantages or disadvantages, a VRIO analysis must be used. This technique measures each capability against whether it creates value for the compan y, it is rare in the industry, it is costly to imitate and if it is exploited by the organization. Each core competency identified for eBay is listed in Figure 2 in Appendix 1. Taking complete control of EachNet through full acquisition and therefore having access to all resources of the Chinese Market could have been a successful strategy and would have been if it hadShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ebay in Asia1188 Words   |  5 PageseBay in Asia Kristen Brodosi Dr. Hiatt International Marketing March 12, 2013 Abstract The company eBay began in the living room of Pierre Omidyar in 1995. The company was simply created to connect individuals for the exchanging of goods and services. As a computer programmer, Pierre designed what people referred to as an auction web, connecting millions of people globally through the use of the internet. The growth of eBay was quick and continuous, and today is a biggest global internetRead MoreCase Study â€Å"Ebay in China†1652 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 1 eBay first entered the Chinese market in 2002 by acquiring a 33% stake in its local counterpart, EachNet, followed by a full acquisition a year later in 2003. Critically assess eBay.s choice of market entry strategy for China, listing both the advantages and disadvantages of its acquisition strategy. As we know, eBay’s China expansion strategy can be considered as failure, despite the fact that eBay entered this potentially rewarding market with caution. This cautious strategy was veryRead MoreEbays Major Mistakes in the Asian Markets1374 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿eBay in Asia Inherent Mistakes of eBay As ubiquitous as eBay is to Americans, it is only a few decades old. eBay was created back in 1995 in San Jose in the living room of founder Pierre Omidyar with his partner Jeff Skoll and it was envisioned to be a marketplace for the sale of goods and services for individuals (Bjornsson, 2001). Meg Whitman was eventually brought onboard to sustain the success and to help hone a better vision for the company: that eBay is a company thats in the businessRead MoreTaobao Case Analysis1551 Words   |  7 PagesHARVARD BUSINESS CASE: ALIBABA’S TAOBAO (A) GROUP 2 – GMBA Question 1: What are the major differences in the web designs of Taobao and eBay in China? Which is preferred to on-line buyers and sellers in China? Why? Taobao sought to distinguish itself from eBay in numerous ways. So Taobao’s web designs were imbued with a strong local culture that reflected a deep understanding of Chinese consumers and an attitude of informality. First of all, the website was designed like a Chinese department storeRead MoreTaobao Vs. Ebay China1234 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Taobao vs. eBay China covers the emerging consumer to consumer market, growth of the internet, and multiple business interactions throughout a few decades. China started out with few online auctions, no set standardized rules for online trading, a lack of credit cards, debit cards that could not be processed in other areas, no way to make online transactions efficiently, and minimal precautions to eliminate fraud if these other obstacles could be averted. Overtime most of these wereRead MoreWhy Ebay Failed in Asia Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesPierre Omidyar founded EBay on September 3, 1995 after many years of successful business in the United States eBay decided to expand its business to Asia; unfortunately business was not as successful in Asia as it was in the United States. (1) Understanding the four principles of marketing will help explain why eBay did not succeed in Asia. Product, Place, Price and Promotion are rules that eBay did not take into consideration by or clearly u nderstand before proceeding into unknown territory. Read MoreeBays Operations in China and Japan563 Words   |  2 Pages1. eBay struggled in the different Asian markets for two reasons. The first is that they did not have first-mover advantage. In each case, there were other competitors available whereas in the US eBay had a clear-cut first-mover advantage. The major reason, however, is that eBay entered these markets without truly understanding, or adapting to, the local market conditions. Both the Japanese and Chinese markets are different from the American market. The decision to have a sales commission in JapanRead MoreChina E Commerce Market Analysis1564 Words   |  7 Pagescustoms of their customers, Alibaba created an advantage over its competitors. †¢ Marketing tools created a great advantage for Alibaba because by using different sources the company penetrate different markets, and it even help the company to overthrown eBay from the customers to customers business. †¢ The company created a good environment to succeed because it minimize the political risk by working with the government, and creating a mutual benefit between the country and the firm. †¢ The leadershipRead MoreMarketing Tools For The Chinese E Commerce Markets1544 Words   |  7 Pagescustoms of their customers, Alibaba created an advantage over its competitors. †¢ Marketing tools created a great advantage for Alibaba because by using different sources the company penetrate different markets, and it even help the company to overthrown eBay from the customers to customers business. †¢ The company created a good environment to succeed because it minimize the political risk by working with the government, and creating a mutual benefit between the country and the firm. †¢ The leadershipRead MoreAlibaba.Com.1422 Words   |  6 PagesC1. Alibaba.com 1. Alibaba.com was an early entrant into the B2B portal market in China. In about 100 words, explain how this might have created a lock-in effect, especially given the types of businesses he site attracts. Alibaba.com does translation as well as listings for small to mid-sized businesses who want to do business. In so doing there is a lot of time and effort put into this business venture by these businesses. Once they are established and have spent the money to get there they

Entrepreneurship Theory and Business Ethics MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship Theory and Business Ethics. Answer: Introduction The case analysis report has been developed in the Australian retail industry. Precisely, through the analysis of the case study, top-line business organisations and their current business practices have been illustrated in the study. In the context of the business scenario, most of the retail industry players operating in the Australian market are targeting sales growth. Meanwhile, some of leading brands have failed to make the adjustment in their business proceedings. The rest of the retail market players have opted for cost reduction tactics to increase profitability (Amato and Amato, 2011). Primarily, the consumer price index of Australia has impacted the sales growth of the retail businesses. Due to the low rate of inflation, the consumers have expected a low set of product pricing. A diagram has been presented below for better understanding: On the other hand, Australian retail firms have faced significant challenges due to the presence of international marketers such as Aldi and TESCO PLC. The case study also identifies the authority of the largest retailing company such as Woolworths Group, Wesfarmers Limited, and Aldi over the smaller retailers. In the retail sector of the Australian market, competition in the market is significantly tough, to say the least (Kasemsap, 2016). The price-war of the major retailers can be identified as one of the major benefits for the target audience. Precisely, Woolworths Group, Coles Supermarkets, and Aldi Australia can be termed as the leading business giants in the Australian retail industry. Also, HM, Uniqlo, Zara, and other brands have come onto the scene to make the retail sector more competitive. A diagram has been given below to indicate the market share of the retailers in the Australian market: Previously, the traditional method of retailing made the organisations incur a huge amount of cost. On the other hand, the profitability of the retailing firms remained quite low due to the price war in the market. A figure has been given below to present the retailers profit components: In the modern business environment, different strategies have been introduced by the retailers such as internet retailing and outsourcing of production that has successfully altered the cost structure of the retail companies. Also, many of the apparel retailing brands have preferred outsourcing to increase the profit margins. However, the study has described that food retailing businesses are the major market shareholders in the Australian retail sector. In the retail industry, auditing fraud is one of the substantial issues in the management. Hence, the workforce working in the retail sector has feared to file practices against the unethical business practices because of losing their employment. In order to describe the ethical foundation of the retail industry, companies sometimes compromise with the quality of products in the race of lower cost price and higher profitability (Colli and Colpan, 2015). Moreover, the competitive strategies of the retailers operating in the same indus try should be validated under the purchasing point of the buyers. Retail Industry Analysis of Australia Particulars Findings Major Players Woolworths Group, Coles Supermarkets, and Aldi Australia Auditing Practices Audit frauds, unfair labour practices, unfair contract terms with suppliers, and money held up of the suppliers in some cases Accounting practices Volume purchase, Promotional Rebates, cost advantage, negation with the Suppliers Corporate Governance Authorised deals, Supervise and efficient management, corporate social responsibility Ethical Foundation Price-war strategy, Quality compromise at times, power of the big retailers In the contemporary retail industry in Australia, business transparency, the corporate governance structure of many of the retailers, fierce market competition, and a lower rate of inflation can be identified as the leading challenges to the business. For instance, Woolworths Group and Wesfarmers Limited are the major retailing firms controlling the food and grocery market in the target region (Gregg, 2011). Hence, the companies should take the liability to maintain the code of conduct given by the administrative. Alternatively, audit fraud in many retail companies has become another considerable challenge. For instance, companies have not followed the standard procedure in the manufacturing of products and hiring staffs. Critically, such issues in the retail industry must be dealt with absolute priority. Response to the Case Questions The Food and Grocery Code of Conduct has been given to the retail supermarket chains so that the retailers and wholesalers can control the business in an honest way. Herein, the term good faith signifies the transparency in business according to the fundamental demand of the target audience. Precisely, in the business context, companies have immensely looked for cost advantages. Therefore, the directives and code of conduct must be followed so that the quality of items cannot be compromised in offering the food and grocery items (Simshauser and Nelson, 2014). Also, during signing agreements with the suppliers, the standards of payments should be made according to fair pricing. In the context of retail business, the Food and Grocery Code of Conduct is a voluntary code as it mere provides the guidelines and minimum obligations to the retailers and wholesalers dealing with the suppliers and customers. Meanwhile, such code of contracts has prohibited unethical practices toward the suppliers in case of supply agreements and business disruption issues. But, the code of conduct does not protect the right of the suppliers in a legal way (Kasemsap, 2016). In the business relations of suppliers and retailers, if such code of conduct can be turned into law, the power of the suppliers will be enhanced. As a result, the pricing of products will be impacted as well. Hence, the ACCC has not moved to the government to convert the code into law. Based on the strategic theories, pricing and purchasing power can be utilised in a competitive market to draw competitive advantage over the rest of the marketers. For the biggest firms operating in the retail industry, senior management must consider their bargaining power with the suppliers (Cui, 2015). In an active market, suppliers must be provided suitable pricing based on the Food and Grocery Code of Conduct in Australia. Therefore, in such cases, the power of the firms should not be used. Now, in the case of assessing the decision-making power, the relationship with the suppliers and other stakeholders should be validated to get the response. If stakeholders are satisfied, the decision making power has been utilised in an efficient manner (Mithani, 2016). Ethical Issue related to paying the suppliers late Making late payment to the suppliers in order to improve the cash flow of the organisation and transfer the financial risk to the small and medium scale enterprises is a major ethical issue in the current business scenario (Silvestro and Cross, 2010). The late payment to the suppliers is a type of scandal that impacts the lives of the people associated with the operations of the suppliers. Paying late for legitimate or no valid reason is unethical that impacts the creditability of the firm. The late payment to the suppliers is a type of abuse of power and bullying behaviour by a large organisation. Furthermore, the ethical principles that is primary for a contract is trust. Moreover, trust comes from honesty, fairness and mutual benefits (Back, 2013). Precisely, the reputation for trustworthiness provides the firm with sustainable competitive advantage. Hence, paying late to the suppliers will impact the trust of the external stakeholders over the firm. The loss of reputation will im pact the quality of supplies that will further influence the productivity of the retailing business. Hence, it is recommended to pay the suppliers in time to avoid the issues of ethical profit making. It is quite difficult to apply the employment standards of the developed countries in the labour market of the developing nations because of the poor economic infrastructure and high unemployment rate in the emerging economies. For example, the pay structure of the developed nations (i.e. the minimum wage rate) cannot be applied in the developing nations. On the other hand, some of the employment standards can be applied in the developing nations in order to improve the workplace conditions for the workforce (Olive, 2012). For instance, the equal employment opportunities and discrimination standards of the developed countries can be applied in the labour market of the developing nations to improve the employment conditions of the people. It will provide equal opportunities to the employees in terms of compensation and benefits, workplace conditions and rights to employment. On the other hand, some laws and regulations related to international trade can be modified to improve the empl oyment standards in the developing nations. According to the survey made by OxFam Australia, the Australian Consumers are ready pay more for the garments, if the suppliers in the developing countries are paid more. Due to this reason, the company can make use to the Cost Leadership Model to dominate the garments supply market in the developing nations (Paliwal, 2016). For example, if the company increases the payment of the suppliers, the manufacturers in the developing countries will happily deliver their products to the organisation in place of its rivals. Hence, the company will get the best quality products as compared to the rivals and seek competitive advantage in the procurement process (Simshauser and Nelson, 2014). By influencing the supply of the rivals, the retailer in the developed country can offer a higher range of products as compared to the other competitors in the market. Hence, the cost leadership model will help the company to minimise the rivalry by differentiating its products and dominating the supply sid e of the developing markets. Tackling the issue of Auditing Fraud Audit frauds can be identified as one of the substantial issues in the retail industry. During audits, employees have been told to represent the things following the standards to the independent auditors. In fear of losing their jobs, human resources have to accept the proposal of the firms to mislead the auditors. In order to deal with such issue of audit frauds, as an auditor individual audits should be conducted by the supervisors. Also, the outcome of the results should be kept a secret so that the name of the whistleblower will not be made public (Makkawi and Schick, 2013). Based on the auditing principles, the accounting estimates should be verified according to the description of the firms to validate the entry (Gajjar and Adil, 2011). Thus, each of the reporting documentation should be verified by the received information to make sure the issues of auditing frauds can be mitigated. Integrated reporting (IR) has delivered a variety of information in a concise way demonstrating the interdependencies regarding substantial information about business strategy, a model of business, the operating business context of a firm (Morros, 2016). Precisely, integrated reporting has been developed in a holistic style so that additional information relevant to the business can be defined to evaluate the sustainability and performance status of business. By utilising IR, company management can define the performance measures and return on invest towards the human resources (Sharp, 2016). Through the identification of the business model and performance measurement via IR, management can make the adjustment in total reward strategy to motivate the employees. Thus, improve in performance through motivation can create a positive impact on the business. Alternatively, based on the improved financial performance, the management can increase the remuneration, so that employee engagemen t and dedication of workforce will be influenced on a positive note. The concept of an at risk component of compensation is linked to the performance of the firm. Meanwhile, such compensation plan includes a portion of the income of the human resources that will be depended on the overall performance of the company (Stevens, 2016). For instance, company equity has been paid as compensation towards the employees as a portion of remuneration. Precisely, an at risk component of remuneration will be benefited from the management if the shareholders of the company will gain from the business. In the case of a larger company, such an at risk component of remuneration for CEOs and senior executive management is bigger as the substantial portion of the compensation has relied on the same compensation plan (Thomsen, 2014). If the shareholders lose their money in the market, the remuneration portion of the CEOs and senior managers will drop down. Also, for bigger companies, the number of shareholders is greater. Therefore, it is an important component of total remuneration for senior executive management and CEOs in largest firms. Stakeholders of Business In the modern business dynamics, the term stakeholder signifies the person or the groups having an interest in relation to a business (Zhu, Wang and Bart, 2014). Moreover, stakeholders of a company can largely contribute towards the growth of the firm leading by activities suitable for business. In the case of a supermarket company, the major stakeholders are creditors, executive directors, human resources, business owners, suppliers, government, and the serving community involved to the business for resource allocation. The ethical behaviours of a company can dictate the long-term business viability (Heath, 2016). If the organisations do not follow ethical considerations during business environments, the company cannot develop a strong relation with the major stakeholders. Therefore, ethical behavioural practices are mandatory to increase the business scopes. The statement made by the CEO of Wesfarmers in the context of target rebate confirms the business strategy of the firm with the suppliers. Precisely, sustainability of business of a firm relies on long-term aspects rather than short-term growth. Such influencing culture will create a positive impact on the suppliers so that long-term business relationship with the organisation can be developed (Heath, 2016). On the other hand, by developing such type of culture in the business dynamics, the company can manage rebate deals with the suppliers in a more effective way. Also, the unreasonable behaviour towards the suppliers can be diminished by following such culture in business (Vranceanu, 2013). It is the role of the accountant to check the expenses of the firm and confirm that the costs are incurred on a productive purpose to increase the profitability of the organisation. In the case Dick Smith Group, the company makes investment of inventories on the basis of the rebate attached to the stock. Hence, the company is not capable of meeting the current demands of the consumers. Furthermore, the lack of considering the customer demand may lead to excess inventory in the organisation that are of no use (Weetman, 2010). Hence, the unwanted inventories and poor product mix decisions leads to increase in the expenses of the expenses of the firm that directly impacts it cash flow and profitability. On the other hand, the procurement decisions on the basis of rebate leads to decline in the capability of the firm to meet the customers demand that further impacts the reputation of the organisation and its customer loyalty. Hence, the role of the accountant is to inform the management regarding this issue to improve the product mix decisions and inventory of the firm. Importance of non-finance measures and concepts of ethical organisation It is important for the management to consider non-financial measures along with financial measures to develop an ethical organisation. The management theory promotes the idea of using non financial measures in place of financial measures because all aspects of the business cannot be measured through financial data. For example, the satisfaction level of the employees cannot be evaluated through financial measures (Talamo, 2011). On the other hand, the customer satisfaction is also not measureable through financial data. Hence, there is a need of understanding the satisfaction level of the employees and the customers in order to lead the organisation towards an ethical direction (McCrary, 2009). The expectations of the employees and customers must be met by the operations of the firm in order to become an ethical organisation. The CFO plays different roles in an organisation such as making decisions regarding the capital structure, auditing and reporting, risk management, capital expenditures, working capital management, budgeting and others. Hence, the performance of the CFO cannot be effectively measured using the financial data such as Total Shareholder Return. There is a need of a balanced measure for evaluating the performance of the CFO (Williams et al., 2010). For example, both quantitative and qualitative measures must be used for evaluating the performance of the CFO. In the case of a junior accountant, some qualitative measures are used such as how effective the accountant is in auditing the financial information of the firm. In the same way, a balanced measure must be used for evaluating the performance of the CFO (Go and Park, 2012). Conclusion On the basis of the above case study analysis, it can be seen that the retailers in Australia face different challenges in the current market environment that tends them to use unethical measures in order to improve their profitability. It has been said by some philosophers that everything is fare in war. However, the unethical means used by the retailers to seek better profitability may lead them to short run success, but will results in a decline of growth in the long run. In other words, the unethical means to improve profitability does not help the company to seek sustainable growth in the long run. Hence, it is important for the management to identify the ethical means of management accounting in order to improve the current status of the firm and seek growth in the long run. According to the case study, it can be identified that the ethical issues impacts the reputation and sales of the retailers in the Australian market. The accounting management of the firms need to consider the rules and regulations of the government along with the financial data to operate the firms in an ethical manner. On the other hand, the needs of the consumers must be considered while making purchasing decisions in order to improve the product decision mix of the retail businesses. Additionally, the ethical issues related to the late payment of the suppliers must be mitigated in order to improve their trust towards the firm and minimise the financial risk for the small and medium scale enterprises that are directly connected to the growth of the retail organisations. Furthermore, the management must take care of the auditing frauds in order to lead the organisation in an ethical way. The auditors must be influenced to speak the truth and develop trust among the stakeholders. Meanwhile, the non-financial measures must be considered along with the financial measures to evaluate the performance of the workforce and decision making teams. A high satisfaction level of the employees, suppliers and teams must be targeted in order to seek sustainable growth of business in the current business environment of Australia. Conclusively, the trust and loyalty of the stakeholders are the key factors for the growth of business in the long run that can be achieve through ethical profit seeking practices. References Abs.gov.au. (2017).Australian Bureau of Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ [Accessed May 2017]. Amato, L. and Amato, C. (2011). Retail Philanthropy: Firm Size, Industry, and Business Cycle.Journal of Business Ethics, 107(4), pp.435-448. Back, P. (2013). Paying late: an ethical business issue. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/blog/paying-late-ethical-business-issue [Accessed May 2017]. Colli, A. and Colpan, A. (2015). Business Groups and Corporate Governance: Review, Synthesis, and Extension.Corporate Governance: An International Review, 24(3), pp.274-302. Cui, Z. (2015). Decision Making in Cross-Functional Teams: The Role of Decision Power.Decision Sciences, 47(3), pp.492-523. Gajjar, H. and Adil, G. (2011). Heuristics for retail shelf space allocation problem with linear profit function.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 39(2), pp.144-155. Go, B. and Park, J. (2012). Measuring cohesion of a component.The KIPS Transactions:PartD, 9D(4), pp.613-618. Gregg, S. (2011).Profit, Prudence and Virtue. 1st ed. Luton: Andrews UK Ltd. Heath, J. (2016). Business Ethics without Stakeholders.Business Ethics Quarterly, 16(04), pp.533-557. https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/retail-trade/report Kasemsap, K. (2016). Retail Marketing Strategies and Brand Management:.International Journal of Social and Organizational Dynamics in IT, 5(2), pp.66-78. Makkawi, B. and Schick, A. (2013). Are auditors sensitive enough to fraud?.Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(6/7), pp.591-598. McCrary, M. (2009). Enhanced customer targeting with multi-stage models: Predicting customer sales and profit in the retail industry.Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 17(4), pp.273-295. Mithani, M. (2016). Corporate Political Transparency.Business Society. Morros, J. (2016). The integrated reporting: A presentation of the current state of art and aspects of integrated reporting that need further development.Intangible Capital, 12(1). Olive, C. (2012).Accounting Management. 1st ed. Delhi: University Publications. Paliwal, M. (2016).Business ethics. 1st ed. New Delhi: New Age International. Productivity Commission (2014). Relative Costs of Doing Business in Australia: Retail Trade. Sharp, D. (2016).Cases in business ethics. 1st ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Silvestro, R. and Cross, S. (2010). Applying the service profit chain in a retail environment.International Journal of Service Industry Management, 11(3), pp.244-268. Simshauser, P. and Nelson, T. (2014). The Consequences of Retail Electricity Price Rises: Rethinking Customer Hardship.Australian Economic Review, 47(1), pp.13-43. Stevens, E. (2016).Business ethics. 1st ed. New York: Paulist Press. Talamo, G. (2011). Corporate governance and capital flows.Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 11(3), pp.228-243. The Ethics of Profit in the Australian Retail Industry. (2017).Department of Accounting and Corporate Governance : Macquarie University, pp.1-19. Thomsen, S. (2014). Corporate values and corporate governance.Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 4(4), pp.29-46. Vranceanu, R. (2013). Corporate profit, entrepreneurship theory and business ethics.Business Ethics: A European Review, 23(1), pp.50-68. Weetman, P. (2010).Management accounting. 1st ed. Harlow [u.a.]: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Williams, J., Memery, J., Megicks, P. and Morrison, M. (2010). Ethics and social responsibility in Australian grocery shopping.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 38(4), pp.297-316. Zhu, H., Wang, P. and Bart, C. (2014). Board Processes, Board Strategic Involvement, and Organizational Performance in For-profit and Non-profit Organizations.Journal of Business Ethics, 136(2), pp.311-328.

The 21st century Essays - 21st Century, Computer, Rock Music

The 21st century The 21st century The 21st century has begun. What changes do you think this new century will bring? Use examples and details in your answer. Man, through the ages, has undergone many changes from the time when he depicted a herd of mammoths on the walls of his cave to these days when he can create beautiful pictures and even make coffee by use of computer technologies without leaving his favorite chair. The 20th century made huge steps in developing computer technologies and reached many goals that made our life much easier. What should we expect in the 21st century? First of all, I think that the pace of our life will speed up: we will move faster from one place to another, from one continent to another using high speed jet airplanes. Second of all, I believe that we will be able to do many things that take much time now without leaving our house. Computers will be everywhere including out clothes. Many people will have chips and mini computers inserted in their heads to hold huge amount of information and have a quick access to it. But what will be the most amazing thing in the 21st century is the flights to the outer space and Mars that will be available to all people. Scientists say that Mars has many things similar to the Earth's. Moreover, they say that with the help of modern technology people can artificially create conditions that will allow people to live there on the constant basis. To sum up, I am sure that many amazing changes will be brought by the 21st century. Furthermore, I think that with the help of the contemporary technologies people can do many things that were even difficult to imagine a century ago. So, nowadays it is rather difficult and even impossible to imagine all changes that will happen in the next decades.

Social Worker Within The Welsh Context Social Work Essay Essays

Social Worker Within The Welsh Context Social Work Essay Essays Social Worker Within The Welsh Context Social Work Essay Paper Social Worker Within The Welsh Context Social Work Essay Paper Social work is a profession established to advance and procure the well-being of households, kids, grownups and the environing communities. Social work in Wales is regulated under the counsel and statute law of the Care council for Wales. This counsel is governed by a codification of pattern which all Social workers are to adhere excessively. Anyone taking to utilize the rubric social worker is required to be registered with the attention council for Wales, or any other council for other states within the UK. The Care council for Wales provinces that the intent of the codification is to set out the behavior that is expected of societal attention workers and to inform service users and the populace about the criterions of behavior they can anticipate . ( WAG, 2012:5 ) These guidelines allow all societal workers to hold a clear apprehension of their function and what is expected of them. The purpose of this assignment is to discourse the function and undertaking of the Social worker, efficaciously demoing an apprehension of ethical issues, and anti-oppressive pattern within Welsh context. The function of the Social worker is frequently formed by the demands of the single service user or household. Social workers play a prima function in supplying safety and protection to grownups and kids. However the function will at times have to be adapted in order to to the full run into the single service users demands. Some functions carried out by the Social worker could perchance include being a counselor, advocator, social worker, director of attention, a individual of societal control and being able to work efficaciously as portion of a mulit-disciplinary squad. Each of these functions will necessitate a figure of different accomplishments, Such as being an effectual communicator, holding the ability to recognize and see diverseness, and do effectual hazard appraisals. The societal worker demands to be able to esteem the service user irrespective of their grounds for asking a societal worker. Parallel with these the Social worker will necessitate to hold values and esteem f or ethnicity, gender, category, civilization, faith, age, gender or ability. In making all of these societal workers have a figure of Acts and Laws in which they must obey, such as All Wales Framework for the Assessment of Children in demand etc. . The Laws are ordinances which enable the societal worker to transport out their function and undertakings in a positive manner leting for authorization, alteration, and anti-oppressive pattern and to undertake affairs of subjugation. The policies and statute law provide authorization for pattern. Alongside the function of the societal worker is the undertaking of the societal worker. The function of the societal worker may necessitate a broad assortment, in footings of the scope of undertakings necessitating to be carried out. Some of these undertakings could include back uping the parents/s to develop and heighten parenting accomplishments, back uping the service user to go financially dependent- in order for them to cut down the possibl e hazards of falling into poorness, and promoting and back uping the service user back to work and employment. This is merely to call a few of many undertakings carried out within the function of a societal worker. Social workers are to pattern anti-oppressive pattern whilst working with service users, this is intended to enable them to decide any jobs and overcome barriers being faced by the service user. Dominelli. ( 2002 ) states that Anti-oppressive pattern seeks to extinguish subjugation within professional pattern every bit good as contribute to its obliteration within the broader society ( :83 ) Dominelli ( 2002 ) so goes on to propose that being clear about their rules, value base and ethical orientation will assist single practicians in the decision-making procedure where and how they will direct their work ( :84 ) In maintaining with clear rules and ethical issues and taking into history the codification of moralss as set by BASW which states that, ( 2012 ) Respect for human self-respect, and for single and cultural diverseness Value for every human being, their beliefs, ends, penchants and demands . One of the rules that is of import in esteeming a service users demands and righ ts is that societal workers within Wales implement the usage of the Welsh Language Act 1993 this is one illustration of where Torahs between England and Wales are perceptibly different in societal work. In co-occuring with this Act, the Welsh Language is proposed to hold equal position. Whilst distinguishing ethical issues, it became evident that a service user has a right to make up ones mind what linguistic communication their societal worker uses, hence, as stated by Davies ( 1994 ) Principles for anti-oppressive pattern in Cymrus: 1. A service user has the right to take which linguistic communication to utilize with a worker ; 2. Language is more than a agency of communicating: it is an indispensable portion of a individual s individuality ; 3. Peoples are able to show themselves more efficaciously and comfortably in their linguistic communication of pick ; 4. Good pattern agencies offering users existent linguistic communication pick ; 5. A comprehensive and choice service in Wales means a bilingual service . ( :60 ) Refusing this service can be recognised as a manner of suppressing an person. This assignment has discussed and researched some of the countries of societal work, such as the function and undertaking of the societal worker. It became evident that the function of the societal worker and the country in which they pattern will supply the lineation of the undertakings they will be required to transport out. There is a great importance of values, and the demand to adhere the policies and ordinances is clearly paramount in all countries and pattern of societal work. The assignment has so gone on to place the difference in ordinances and policies within Wales and England, and the importance of anti-oppressive pattern, Likewise recognizing the rights of the service user, and the demand to esteem these rights. Finally the assignment went onto show an apprehension of the demand to be cognizant of ethical pattern.

Medieval Clothing and Fabrics in the Middle Ages

Medieval Clothing and Fabrics in the Middle Ages In medieval times, as today, both fashion and necessity dictated what people wore. And both fashion and necessity, in addition to cultural tradition and available materials, varied across the centuries of the Middle Ages and across the countries of Europe. After all, no one would expect the clothes of an eighth-century Viking to bear any resemblance to those of a 15th-century Venetian. So when you ask the question What did a man (or woman) wear in the Middle Ages? be prepared to answer some questions yourself.  Where did he live? When did he live? What was his station in life (noble, peasant, merchant, cleric)? And for what purpose might he be wearing a particular set of clothes? Types of Materials Used in Medieval Clothing The many types of synthetic and blended fabrics people wear today were simply not available in medieval times.  But this didnt mean that everyone wore heavy wool, burlap, and animal skins. Different textiles were manufactured in a range of weights and could vary greatly in quality. The more finely woven the textile was, the softer and more costly it would be. Various fabrics, such as taffeta, velvet, and damask were made from textiles like silk, cotton, and  linen using specific weaving techniques. These were not generally available in the earlier Middle Ages, and were among the more expensive fabrics for the extra time and care it took to make them. Materials available for use in medieval clothing included: Wool By far the most common fabric of the Middle Ages (and the core of the flourishing textile industry), wool was knitted or crocheted into garments, but it was more likely woven. Depending on how it was made, it could be very warm and thick, or light and airy. Wool was also felted for hats and other accessories. Linen Almost as common as wool, linen was  made from the flax plant and theoretically available to all classes. Growing flax was labor-intensive and making linen was time-consuming, however. Since the fabric wrinkled easily, it wasnt often found in garments worn by poorer folk. Fine linen was used for the veils and wimples of ladies, undergarments, and a wide variety of apparel and household furnishings.​ Silk Luxurious and costly, silk was used only by the wealthiest of classes and the Church.   Hemp Less costly than flax, hemp and nettles were used to create workaday fabrics in the Middle Ages. Though more common for such uses as sails and rope, hemp may also have been used for aprons and undergarments. Cotton Cotton doesnt grow well in cooler climes, so its use in medieval garments was less common in northern Europe than wool or linen. Still, a cotton industry existed in southern Europe in the 12th century, and cotton became an occasional alternative to linen. Leather The production of leather goes back to prehistoric times. In the Middle Ages, leather was used for shoes, belts, armor, horse tackle, furniture, and a wide assortment of everyday products. Leather could be dyed, painted, or tooled in a variety of fashions for ornamentation. Fur In early medieval Europe, fur was common, but thanks in part to the use of animal skins by Barbarian cultures, it was considered too crass to wear in public. It was, however, used to line gloves and outer garments. By the tenth century, fur came back into fashion, and everything from beaver, fox, and sable to vair (squirrel), ermine, and marten was used for warmth and status. Colors Found in Medieval Clothing Dyes came from a lot of different sources, some of them far more expensive than others.  Still, even the humble peasant could have colorful clothing. Using plants, roots, lichen, tree bark, nuts, crushed insects, mollusks, and iron oxide, virtually every color of the rainbow could be achieved. However, adding color was an extra step in the manufacturing process that raised its price, so clothing made from an undyed fabric in various shades of beige and off-white was not uncommon among the poorest folk. A dyed fabric would fade fairly quickly if it wasnt mixed with a mordant, and bolder shades required either longer dyeing times or more expensive dyes. Thus, the fabrics with the brightest and richest colors cost more and were, therefore, most often found on the nobility and the very rich. One natural dye that did not require a mordant was  woad,  a flowering plant that yielded a dark blue dye. Woad was used so extensively in both professional and home dyeing that it became known as Dyers Woad, and garments of a variety of blue shades could be found on people of virtually every level of society. Garments Worn Under Medieval Clothing Throughout much of the Middle Ages and in most societies, the undergarments worn by both men and women didnt substantially change. Basically, they consisted of a shirt or under-tunic, stockings or hose, and some kind of underpants or breeches for men. There is no evidence that women regularly wore underpants - but with a matter of such delicacy that the garments became known as unmentionables, this isn’t surprising. Women may have worn underpants, depending on their resources, the nature of their outer garments, and their personal preferences. Medieval Hats, Caps, and Head Coverings Virtually everyone wore something on their heads in the Middle Ages, to keep off the sun in hot weather, to keep their heads warm in cold weather, and to keep dirt out of their hair. Of course, as with every other type of garment, hats could indicate a persons job or their station in life and could make a fashion statement. But hats were especially important socially, and to knock someones hat off his or her head was a grave insult that, depending on the circumstances, could even be considered assault. Types of mens hats included wide-brimmed straw hats, close-fitting coifs of linen or hemp that tied under the chin like a bonnet, and a wide variety of felt, cloth or knitted caps. Women wore veils and wimples. Among the fashion-conscious nobility of the High Middle Ages, some fairly complex hats and head rolls for men and women were in vogue. Both men and women wore hoods, often attached to capes or jackets but sometimes standing alone. Some of the more complicated mens hats were actually hoods with a long strip of fabric in the back that could be wound around the head. A common accouterment for men of the working classes was a hood attached to a short cape that covered just the shoulders. Medieval Nightwear You may have heard that in the Middle Ages, everyone slept naked. Like most generalizations, this cant be perfectly accurate - and in cold weather, it is so unlikely it becomes painfully ridiculous. Illuminations, woodcuts, and other period artwork illustrate medieval people in bed in different attire. Some are unclothed, but just as many are wearing simple gowns or shirts, some with sleeves. Though we have virtually no documentation regarding what people wore to bed, from these images we can glean that those who wore nightdress could have been clad in an under-tunic (possibly the same one theyd worn during the day) or even in a lightweight gown made especially for sleeping, depending on their financial status. As it is true today, what people wore to bed depended on their resources, the climate, family custom, and their own personal preferences. Sumptuary Laws Clothing was the quickest and easiest way to identify someones status and station in life. The monk in his cassock, the servant in his livery, the peasant in his simple tunic were all instantly recognizable, as was the knight in armor or the lady in her fine gown. Whenever members of the lower strata of society blurred the lines of social distinction by wearing clothing ordinarily found only among the upper classes, people found it unsettling, and some saw it as downright offensive. Throughout the medieval era, but especially in the later Middle Ages, laws were passed to regulate what could and could not be worn by members of different social classes. These laws, known as sumptuary laws, not only attempted to maintain the separation of the classes, they also addressed excessive expenditures on all sorts of items. The clergy and more pious secular leaders had concerns about the conspicuous consumption the nobility was prone to, and sumptuary laws were an attempt to reign in what some found to be distastefully ostentatious displays of wealth. Although there are known cases of prosecution under sumptuary laws, they seldom worked. It was difficult to police everyones purchases. Since the punishment for breaking the law was usually a fine, the very rich could still acquire whatever they pleased and pay the price with hardly a second thought. Still, the passage of sumptuary laws persisted through the Middle Ages. The Evidence There are exceedingly few garments surviving from the Middle Ages. The exceptions are the apparel found with the bog bodies, most of whom died before the medieval period, and a handful of rare and costly items preserved through extraordinary good fortune. Textiles simply cannot withstand the elements, and unless they are buried with metal, they will deteriorate in the grave without a trace. How, then, do we really know what people wore? Traditionally, costumers and historians of material culture have turned to period artwork. Statues, paintings, illuminated manuscripts, tomb effigies, even the extraordinary Bayeux Tapestry all depict contemporaries in medieval dress. But great care must be taken when evaluating these representations. Often contemporary for the artist was a generation or two too late for the subject. Sometimes, there was no attempt at all to represent a historical figure in clothing appropriate to the figures time period. And unfortunately, most of the picture books and magazine series produced in the 19th century, from which a large percentage of modern histories are drawn, are based on misleading period artwork. Many of them further mislead with inappropriate colors and the casual addition of anachronistic garments. Matters are further complicated by the fact that terminology is not consistent from one source to the next. There are no period documentary sources fully describing garments and providing their names. The historian must pick up these bits of scattered data from a wide range of sources - including wills, account books, and letters - and interpret exactly what is meant by each item mentioned. There is nothing straightforward about medieval clothing history. The truth is, the study of medieval clothing is in its infancy. With any luck, future historians will break open the treasure trove of facts about medieval clothing and share its riches with the rest of us. Until then, we amateurs and non-specialists must take our best guess based on what little weve learned. Sources Dickson, Brandy. Cotton is Period? Really? Brandy Dickson, 2004-2008. Houston, Mary G. Medieval Costume in England and France: The 13th, 14th and 15th Centuries. Dover Fashion and Costumes, Kindle Edition, Dover Publications, August 28, 2012. Jenkins, David (Editor). The Cambridge History of Western Textiles 2 Volume Hardback Boxed Set. Hardcover, Cambridge University Press; Slp edition, September 29, 2003. Kà ¶hler, Carl. A History of Costume. Dover Fashion and Costumes, Kindle Edition, Dover Publications, May 11, 2012. Mahe, Yvette, Ph.D. History of Fur in Fashion 10th to 19th Century. Fashion Time, February 19, 2012. Medieval Veils, Wimples and Gorgets. Rosalie Gilbert. Netherton, Robin. Medieval Clothing and Textiles. Gale R. Owen-Crocker, Hardcover, The Boydell Press, July 18, 2013. Norris, Herbert. Medieval Costume and Fashion. Paperback, Dover Publications Inc., 1745. Piponnier, Francoise. Dress in the Middle Ages. Perrine Mane, Caroline Beamish (Translator), Paperback, Yale University Press, August 11, 2000. Priest, Carolyn. Period Leather-working techniques. Thora Sharptooth, Ron Charlotte, John Nash, I. Marc Carlson, 1996, 1999, 2001. Virtue, Cynthia. How to be a HOOD-lum: Medieval hoods. Cynthia Virtue, 1999, 2005. Virtue, Cynthia. How to make a Coif: 1 and 3 piece patterns. Cynthia Virtue, 1999-2011. Virtue, Cynthia. Mens Stuffed-Roll Hats. Cynthia Virtue, 2000. Virtue, Cynthia. Womens Roll Hats. Cynthia Virtue, 1999. Zajaczkowa, Jadwiga. Hemp and Nettle. Slovo, Jennifer A Heise, 2002-2003.

The Cost of Computers Over 10 Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Cost of Computers Over 10 Years - Essay Example (Moore, 1965). Simply put, computers have been getting exponentially more powerful since their invention. How is this important to an economic analysis of computer costs? For many years this has been a simple formula for predicting the future cost and efficiency of computers. If we compare the specifications of a computer to what consumers require in order to complete tasks, run software, surf the Internet, and much more, we can see that the advancement of integrated circuits is much faster than the requirement of users. For example, if a student required a computer 10 years ago research, write papers, surf the internet, and communicate, a standard pc of that era would be perfectly suitable. The same student today would require a computer able to perform very similar tasks to the computer of 10 years ago, ignoring the need for graphical gaming and media. Therefore, a computer with the same specifications today and one 10 years ago, or even 1 year ago, can be created with less transis tors, meaning the cost of production is less too. The second law that applies to our analysis is Metcalfe's Law. Robert Metcalfe, the inventor of Ethernet, stated that the value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of that particular system. (Metcalfe, 1993). Originally talking about telecommunications networks, this law can be applied in general to the Internet – a huge, if not the biggest, driving force of the computer. Simply put, it means that every one new user added to a particular network adds more value to that network. A common example of this is the fax machine comparison. â€Å"The first person to buy a fax machine was a fool.† (Metcalfe, 1993) A user would find it quite pointless to send themselves a fax and having no recipient,... This paper approves that the last factor regarding supply and demand is the substitution effect and alternative effect. Although each good is unique, it has substitutes – there are always other goods that can be used in place of it. Twenty years ago, it was very common to write one's letters manually and type script on a typewriter. Ten years ago, the computer was certainly very popular, although many alternatives were considered over owning a personal computer. Typewriters were still in use, Internet cafes were popular, and sharing computers was considered quite acceptable. Today, we can observe that the demand for typewriters has decreased, as it is an inferior substitute. Furthermore, the supply of typewriters is also reduced, as it is comparatively more expensive to produce than computers. In the same way, personal computers are affordable, resulting in a reduction in Internet cafes and computer sharing. Cost plays a vital role in determining which products a buyer will su bstitute in order to maintain viability. This report makes a conclusion that we can observe the many forces that have attributed to the success of the personal computer and laptop. We can perhaps look to our formula, laws, and economic models to predict the cost of the computer, or technological equivalent, in the future. Although, if in this short span of time computers have become such a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, we can only wonder as to the extent of influence it will have on us in the next 10 years.

The Role of Accounting on Business and Our Society Research Paper

The Role of Accounting on Business and Our Society - Research Paper Example The balance sheet is the most effective tool in communicating the financial health of a business. The balance sheet reveals the financial position of a business and reports the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity as at a given point in time (Allee & Yohn, 2009). This financial statement also reveals the resources that remain unused at the end of the period and available for use in the following periods. Additionally, the balance sheet reports the claims for resources that remain unpaid at the end of the period and the capital represented in various forms it is constituted. The functions of accountants include recording, analyzing, and reporting the financial status of a company or a person. Either an accountant or a certified public accountant can perform accounting. Accountants do not legally have to acquire any degree or any form of accounting license for them to perform their duties; any person over 18 years old and is good in numbers can be an accountant (Seetharaman, Sun & Wang, 2011). A certified public accountant must earn an accounting degree from an accredited institution, pass the CPA Examination, pass the professional Ethics Exam from the American Institute of CPAs, and work for 1,800 hours in one year under supervision of a licensed CPA. The accounting function in the organization is critical because it enables identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions. However, the accounting function is expensive to maintain because of high costs of installing systems and paying salaries and wages for accountants. I would prefer to form a merchandising company to a service company. Charts of accounts provide a list of all accounts in the company’s system (Seetharaman, Sun & Wang, 2011). Merchandising company charts of accounts have more code numbers than the charts for service industry. Charts of accounts in a service industry provides a list of

Accounting for human behavior Essay Example for Free

Accounting for human behavior Essay In order to survive and interact with the other members of the society, it is crucial for us to understand what the other people are thinking about and what the underlying factors that contribute to their behavior are. In our daily life, people are continuously interpreting and explaining others behavior, sometimes even without aware of it themselves. How does this knowledge of interpreting the others come about? And is it a reliable method?Most people are using common sense explanation to interpret human behavior, while social scientists will explain our world by social science theories. What are they? And which one can give a more reliable and accurate account for human behavior?Common Sense Explanations are formed basing on individuals past experiences or were passed down from the last generations. It is the most basic and simple form of knowledge that helps us to survive. For instance, people understand that it will be hurt when a ball is throwing at them and in result, they will run away from it. We use the common sense to perceive the world we are living in. It is unimaginable if a person does not possess any common sense at all. See more: Old Age Problem essay Social Science Theories, like the theories in natural science, are derived from scientific methods. They are either induced or deduced from different task or experiment. But since the subject matter in social sciences is completely different from that of natural science, observation, survey and interview which sometimes involves a control group, are the methodology used to test the experimental hypotheses, instead of using laboratory experiments. Hence, social science theories are backed up by empirical studies and data, and therefore should be more widely applicable, objective and reliability to explain human behavior. Unlike social science theories, common sense is held by everyone. Therefore, people can draw on this knowledge immediately when they want to analysis behavior of the others and giving a faster response to the situation. However, the strength of common sense is also its greatest weakness. In many cases, common sense explanation cannot give us a satisfactory answer because it has oversimplified the circumstance. For instance, it is a general belief that the more violent movies a child watches, the more aggressive he will be. People may neglect other factors,  such as family backgrounds, in contributing to childrens aggressive behavior, which had proved to be an equally crucial by many social scientists. In addition, human behaviors are complex as well as unique to each individual. Different culture, race, living environment and family history will lead to the formation of different behaviors. Similarly, common sense explanation varies in different culture, society and individual, and therefore, actually is not the same to everyone in our society. How can a foreigner understand all the traditional attitudes and values of a Chinese? Likewise, it is not easy for us to comprehend all the behaviors of the foreigners. As a result, there will be bias if we rely on common sense explanation as it is too generalized and oversimplified without really investigating the underlying factors behind the scene. In contrast, social sciences theories can supplement the weakness of common sense explanation as each theory is based on a numbers of hypotheses which in turn will be tested, though the methodology used is somewhat different from that of natural science. In other words, social science theories are more reliable and valid than that of common sense explanations. Moreover, social science theories are more widely applicable as they are derived from a great numbers of data which are collected from different channels and people. Some people may argue that some social sciences theories are similar to our common sense explanations, for which is a coincident that we cannot deny since many hypotheses are formed with the basis of common sense assumptions. People can use common sense to explain or judge most things we encounter in our daily life. However, when we come to analyze more complicated matters, such as human behaviors, common sense explanation alone would be insufficient. In these circumstances, social science theories, which have been undergoing empirical researches and experiments, are more reliable. We cannot ignore the importance of common sense since it is a basic knowledge that people possessed, whereas social science theories may not be  known to most people. And in many cases common sense is the foundation of many hypotheses, and thus is the origin of a theory. But it is crucial to note that when people want to have an in-depth, comparatively reliable and valid explanation, social science theories should be employed. REFERENCE Roth (1990), Introduction to Psychology, United Kingdom: The Open University. Gross (1992), Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour, p.19-23, London: Hodder Stoughton

Fate Essay example -- essays research papers

FATE Fate. Fate is what controls our lives...or so some people think. Now what is the actual definition of Fate? The supposed force, principle, or power that predetermines events; the inevitable events predestined by this force. Now look at the word supposed. We don't even know if Fate exsists. If it does, why does it have to be predestined or predetermined? PRE is a prefix that means before. Now Fate happens based on something before? I thought it happened then and there not before. Some people believe a certian "god" or a selected individual controls their lives. This weekend I had a discussion with my two good friends Elliot and Adam. We started talking about religion and God. Now in the world today, many people dont believe in God. I suppose you can say I am one of those people. I have only been to church maybe twice in my life. That doesnt make me a bad person nor does it make my parents bad people. I am not decided on wether or not I believe in God. If "HE" does exist, does he control Fate? Do the potato chips I am currently eating control Fate? Are my parents controlling MY Fate by telling me what I can and cannot do? I am stuck between this. People say Fate brings us together and it may also control our lives. How is this so? How can one little thing called Fate control our lives? How can Fate be responsible for the decisions we make? Is fate an actual thing, or is it just a figment of our imagination? Possibly, Fate...

Critique of Sartre’s Concept of “Existence Precedes Essence” Essay

Existentialism evolved as an attempt to come up with an authentic response to the existential angst of modern man in search of his identity and place in existence. Perhaps the very first existentialist thinker and philosopher in history, Socrates, put fundamental stress on the enquiry of the question â€Å"Who am I? † On the other hand, the twentieth century philosopher with whom the movement of existentialism is most commonly associated with, Sartre, says that with man, existence precedes essence. That is to say, there is no essence as such which man can discover inside his being. He has to create it, as it were, from nothing, through his efforts and choices. This is the central tenet of Sartre’s brand of existentialism. In a way, it sounds very pessimistic, but at the same time, such an observation can lead us to realize the freedom of man’s being, inspiring us to attain greater meaning in our lives. Sartre’s stance seems to be very heroic, and his attitude can fill us with new energy to act and create. However, as we shall see, considered purely on a logical and philosophical basis, his theory rings completely hollow, indeed as hollow as the â€Å"nothingness† he talks about. In his essay â€Å"Existentialism as Humanism† Sartre most eloquently sets out to clarify what exactly is meant by existentialism in the proper sense of the word. This he does with amazing simplicity, putting the essence of the philosophical system of which he is one of foremost proponents just in three words: existence precedes essence. If God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being who exists before he can be defined by any concept, and that this being is man, or, as Heidegger says, human reality. (p. 349) Sartre proceeds to explain us the meaning of these two concepts essence and existence and the two view points based on them, namely â€Å"essence precedes existence† and â€Å"existence precedes essence,† in a very lucid style. Sartre gives the example of a simple object, a paper cutter, to illustrate how in the case of this object essence precedes existence, and how it is the other way around in humans. To enter into a â€Å"conversation† with Sartre, however, I would like to provide the example of a simple machine here, a typewriter, to illustrate the same point. Like a paper cutter, a typewriter too is mass-produced, according to a predetermined model. Therefore, a typewriter is clearly an instance of essence preceding existence. Now let us take a very high power computer. This computer is as much mass-produced and made according to a preexisting model as a simple typewriter, here too essence precedes existence. However, whereas a typewriter can do only one thing in a fairly rigid manner, a computer can do a million things in an absolutely flexible style. A typewriter is like an animal, a one-dimensional creature. A powerful computer, on the other hand, is more like a human being, a multidimensional entity. An existentialist like Sartre could easily make a claim that in the case of typewriter, essence precedes existence, and in the case of the computer, existence precedes essence. But this is patently wrong. A computer is also made on a pre-existing model, as much as a typewriter is. The existence of a computer is also based on the premise of essence preceding existence as much as that of any manufactured object. Only, the specific nature of tasks it is going to perform depends on the software loaded unto it, and other ways it is programmed. The computer cannot just do absolutely anything, it has its limitations. Human beings too have their limitations, but within these limitations they have an immense choice and freedom to determine what they are going to do and what they are going to be. The statement that â€Å"Man is nothing but what he makes of himself† may sound very good in pep talk, campaign speech or inspirational poetry. But it could be plain absurd, when we consider its philosophical implications. Man has a given â€Å"nature† – his freedom, limitations and identity are defined by it. For instance, what can man think, achieve, or create without the enormous intelligence endowed to him. Man is intelligent, by nature – there is nothing man has done about it. He can further sharpen his intelligence and use it to the best of his ability, or stop using it and become stupid — only this much freedom and scope exists with man. Simply because such scope and freedom exists, one cannot claim that in human beings existence precedes essence. Existence preceding essence would imply that humans are nothing by themselves, that whatever they want to make of themselves they have to strive to become that. Sartre and other existentialists seem to be completely unfamiliar with any basic concepts of psychology. In fact if existentialism were true, there cannot exist any subject called human psychology. Because, according to Sartre, there is nothing like pre-existing human nature. Thus, there is no human nature, because there is no God to have a conception of it. Man simply is. Not that he is simply what he conceives himself to be, but he is what he wills and as he conceives himself after already existing – as he wills to be after that leap towards existence. Man is nothing else but that which he makes himself. That is the first principle of existentialism. And this is what people call its â€Å"subjectivity† using the word as a reproach against us. (p. 349) The assertion that â€Å"Man simply is† is simply delusional. I would not call this viewpoint by the term ‘subjectivity’, whatever it means. I would call it plain nonsense. If there is no human nature, then what are all psychologists studying and exploring? In fact, by the time of Sartre, there already was a William James, a Freud, and a Jung – not to speak of Pavlov, Watson and other behaviorists who equate man to an animal; the study of human psychology was very much diversified and in a rather mature stage. Yet, here comes Sartre and declares that man is free, that he can make absolutely anything out of himself just as he wills – almost magically, as it were!

Common risks, threats, and vulnerabilities Essay

1. What are some common risks, threats, and vulnerabilities commonly found in the LAN-to-WAN Domain that must be mitigated through a layered security strategy? A layered security strategy will encompass Rouge protocols such as Bit mining and P2P, Unauthorized network scanning and probing, and unauthorized access to the network. 2. What is an Access Control List (ACL) and how is it useful in a layered security strategy? An ACL is a Control list which will allow or deny traffic or devices based on specifications defined in the ACL. This ACL generally is applied and configured on Firewalls. It is useful in a layered security approach because from an External standpoint it become the first line of defense when hosts attempt to connect to the network. 3. What is a Bastion Host? Provide an example of when a Bastion Host should be used and how. A â€Å"Bastion Host† is a host that is minimally configured software firewall containing only necessary software/services. These are also referred to as bare metal or â€Å"lite† and is managed to be overly secure through a minimalist approach. All traffic coming is directed to the Bastion or â€Å"screened host†. Outbound traffic is not sent through it. The most common threat to the Bastion Host is to the operating system that is not hardened with additional security applications. 4. Provide at least two examples of how the enclave requirement to place a firewall at the perimeter can be accomplished. a. Placing a firewall between two routers and another firewall before a DMZ would be the best requirement choice to use 5. What is the difference between a traditional IP Stateful Firewall and a Deep Packet Inspection Firewall? a. IP Stateful firewall inspection takes place in layer 4, when traffic attempts to traverse the firewall a requested a source port and a destination port pair become part of the session allowing the source to receive information. Stateful inspection firewalls solve the vulnerability of permitting all the high numbered ports by creating a table containing the outbound connections and their associated high numbered port(s). b. Firewalls utilizing deep packet inspection provides enhancements to Stateful firewalls’ Stateful firewall is still susceptible to attack even if the firewall is deployed and working as it should be. By adding ap plication-oriented logic into the hardware, essentially combining IDS into the firewall traffic. Deep Packet Inspection uses an Attack Object Database to store protocol anomalies and attack  traffic by grouping them by protocol and security level. 6. How would you monitor for unauthorized management access attempts to sensitive systems? Acl’s and audit logs can be leveraged to confirm which station is attempting to make the unauthorized connection. 7. Describe Group ID (Vulid): V-3057 in the Network IDS/IPS Implementation Guide provided by DISA? A management server is a centralized device that receives information from the sensors or agents 8. What is the significance of VLAN 1 traffic within a Cisco Catalyst LAN Switch? Describe the vulnerabilities associated if it traverses across unnecessary trunk. VLAN1 traffic will contain the STP or spanning tree traffic, CDP traffic, and Dynamic trunking traffic to name a few. If unnecessary traffic traverses the trunk it could cause the switch instability causing it to go down or become inoperable. 9. At what logging level should the syslog service be configured on a Cisco Router, Switch, or Firewall device? Syslogs traps should be configured at levels 0-6. Logging Level 2 10. Describe how you would implement a layered, security strategy within the LAN-to-WAN Domain to support authorized remote user access while denying access to unauthorized users at the Internet ingress/egress point. To implement a layered security strategy for remote user access, we would start with an application based login, such as a VPN -SSL authentication then pair it with LDAP on a radius or Tacacs+ service. LDAP is bound to Active directory which will leverage Role based access controls to check group permissions. 11. As defined in the Network Infrastructure Technology Overview, Version 8, Release 3, describe the 3 layers that can be found in the DISA Enclave Perimeter layered security solution for Internet ingress/egress connections (i.e., DMZ or Component Flow). 3 types of layers found in the Enclave Perimeter Component Flow include the Network layer security, Application layer security and security of the actual applications themselves. 12. Which device in the Enclave Protection Mechanism Component Flow helps mitigate risk from users violating acceptable use and unwanted websites and URL links? The Web Content Filter 13. True or False. The Enclave Protection Mechanism includes both an internal IDS and external IDS when connecting a closed network infrastructure to the public Internet. True, it is required to have external IDS as well as internal IDS. Requirements include having a firewall and IDS in between the internet facing router and the internal, â€Å"premise†, and router. 14. True or False. Securing the enclave only requires perimeter security and firewalls. False, securing the enclave includes a layered firewall approach both on the inside and outside of the network. Sensitive data can be secured from other segments of the internal network (internal) as well as Internet links (external). 1 5. What is the primary objective of this STIG as is relates to network infrastructures for DoD networks? STIG, or Security Technical Implementation Guide, is an intended guide to decrease vulnerabilities and potential of losing sensitive data. The guide focuses on network security, giving security considerations for the implemented network. The STIG also covers the level of risks and the associated acceptable levels to said risks.

Concepts of Professionalism

Concepts of Professionalism Introduction For any field of knowledge to be functional and meaningful it has to have practitioners in that area that must follow specific ethics and values specific to their areas of specializations. It is important to note that, although different professions have commonalities among their ethics, each of the professions has a class of unique ethics and values that identifies practitioners in that specific field.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Professionalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is good to note that, practitioners in these fields not only work to gain good remuneration packages, but also they are involved in extensive researches; a practice aimed at improving and enhancing knowledge in their fields. Generally, professionals regardless of their areas of specialization must have cognitive and academic competence and a set of principles not only defined by their areas of spec ialization, but also intrinsically driven (Clark and Kasar pp.5-7). When individuals decide to be professionals in a specific field, then it means they are ready to sacrifice all that is at their disposal to make sure their professions shine, hence a factor necessitating one at all times to perform work with integrity and dedication. In addition, to self-interest and personal achievement, professionally individuals should create lasting relationships with not only those they work with, but also those they are serving. This is because, in case conflicting issues exists among a cohort of workers, then resulting conflicts can impair the quality and quantity of work output. Hence, if professional cannot fight to ensure they maximise their work output and competencies, then what is the essence of individuals calling themselves professionals? On the other hand, it is necessary to note that, all professional services main aim is to aid community development and peaceful coexistence, a fact or that will improve the nature of relationships that will exist among community members. Hence, in trying to maintain this contract with the community, it is important for all professionals to ensure whatever principles, moral ethics, or values they embrace fit societal wants and needs (Cunningham pp.6-9).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Professionalism in Education Educators play several roles dictated either by professional ethics or by societal needs. For example in an elementary school, although teachers main role is to deliver knowledge, they also have other duties that include acting as a surrogate parents, disciplinarians, motivators, and many other roles that depend on specific societies. This is because, students take more time with teachers than they do with their parents. Therefore, this makes it important for teachers to try and formulate mechanisms of balancing students needs and their professionalism. It is important to note here that, as compared to other professions, this profession entails many ethical concerns because to students teachers are a representation of the society; hence, students will always follow what teachers do. Essentials of Professionalism in Education As professionalism dictates all practitioners in any fields must have the competence required for effective work performance, a factor that education embraces. Depending on ones area of jurisdiction, requirements for one to function effectively as a teacher vary. These requirements include postgraduate diplomas, degrees (masters or PhDs), diplomas, certificate and other qualifications in education. Although this is the case, teaching ethics of different areas or countries do not vary very much primarily because, the profession aims to mould learners who can work in any social-economic conditions. In addition to these varying qualifications, because of the changing natu re of lifestyles and technology, it is important for teachers to have additional trainings in other fields for example, information technology. The trainings not only are they of purpose to teachers in terms of knowledge development or improvement, but also are important aids of enhancing quality content and value delivery. On the other hand, because learning has no end, this profession involves the attending of other training sessions that ensure teachers stay up to date with current information, an important prerequisite for dealing with learners problems. For example, in the field of medicine presently, due to emerging complex health complications globally, it is important for teachers in this field to update themselves with new knowledge, for them to be able to mould students who meet current health needs (Robson pp. 7-14).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Professionalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is important to note that, competency is not all being well educated and having professional certificates, but rather the whole process involves the ability to deliver whatever content the core curriculum specifies. Different professionals have the power to deliver their services according to their best means, where education is not an exception. However, although this is the case, educators must bear in mind that, whatever they do learners will copy direct and include the same in their real professional jobs, hence the need to use their best means. This adopted strategy should ensure content delivery occurs within preferred and standard conditions, which can help learners of different capabilities to cope up; hence effective and meaningful learning experiences (Whitty p.1). Professional behaviour is another important aspect of this field. Practically, it is a little bit hard to clearly define a set of conduct that educators must follow. In addition, before defin ing this set of conduct, it is important for all educators to note that, learners always copy whatever they do in any scenario. This ranges from the mode of ones conduct either in class or out of class, language characteristics, and general behaviour in terms of temperament, attitude, morals, and principles. Honestly speaking, following professional conduct is one of the most difficult tasks because of the differences in learners backgrounds; where learners have different ways of interpreting occurrences in their immediate environments. Although this is the case, it is important for practitioners in this field to correctly depict and predict learners demographics; hence, formulate mechanisms of dealing with these differences among different learners. In addition to ensuring, they maintain professional behaviours in presence of learners; educators must always ensure that whatever aspect of behaviour they adopt should fit the values of the society to which they are offering their serv ices. This is because, considering most societal settings, educators are always on the sport light, owing to the fact that, the society treats them as role models.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to multiple roles that educators must perform, there is need for them to be dedicated and responsible in their duties. Responsibility not only entails following or performing as per set goals and standards, but rather it means that, educators must be ready to deliver or perform beyond set goals. This is only achievable if individuals handle duties managements have assigned them obeying their intrinsic motivators rather than extrinsic motivators. In addition, dedication entails the performing of duties in a way individuals could attend to their personal issues. The greatest motivator of this profession is that, whatever the competence an educator imparts in learners not only benefits them solely, but also it contributes to the overall development of the society. On the other hand, it is essential for practitioners in this field to note that, responsibility does not only guarantee achievement of educational goals, but also it contributes to individuals self growth and image enhanc ement, which translates to a good professional image. In addition to competence, behavioural orientation, responsibility and dedication professionally, all educators must ensure their life both inside and outside the class is organized. For example, in qualifying graduates in all institutions, administrations must use all performance records. However, in case of carelessness by some tutor and these records are not present then the teaching profession is at stake. This is because whatever happens after this like a scenario will not only taint the name of the teacher and the learning institution, but also will taint the name of the teaching profession; something that all individuals should aim to eliminate in their daily undertakings. Although a challenging task to meet many qualities associated with the teaching profession, it is important for all individuals in this profession to delicate their efforts to the profession; hence formulate mechanisms of meeting societal needs through i mparting correct skills in learners. This is because; education is the fundamental prerequisite for any societal development and success achievement. Professionalisation of Education Considering the nature of changes that have occurred in present education systems, it is important for governments to professionalize education, in the sense that, it is the primary determinant of a societies well being. In addition, considering the roles education plays in our contemporary society, it is important for it to have bodies that should manage its affairs and ensure all practitioners in the field meet specific standards. This is important in that, not only does it ensure the law protects practitioners in this field, but also it will act as a motivator towards goal achievement; hence, the bettering of educational experiences and knowledge. For education to be practical and utilitarian there is need to include meaningful learning experiences, a factor that will make the profession to be of goo d integrity and competence. The professionalisation process primarily encompasses the setting and implementation of good standards, principles and qualifications that all teachers must meet, for them to maintain the competence that the profession dictates. In addition, the process involves the formation of both internal and external working bodies that will manage all activities of the profession. These activities include setting of working standards and ethics, rules and procedures that practitioners in this field must follow. The professionalisation process is very crucial in that, it helps to differentiate between amateurs in the education profession and qualified individuals who are ready to work using all that is at their disposal to achieve academic competence (Siriwardena pp.235-245). On the other hand, the professionalisation process has many associated advantages namely: increased benefits, proper management of conflicting issues, education quality improvement, and improved self-esteem of members of the professional class. This is because these bodies will protect their autonomy and protect their well-being. One main factor that makes professionalisation a necessity is the changing trends in forms of educational orientation. In the past, the overall role of education delivery rested solely on parents and elders, a factor that has undergone transformation with globalisation. Currently, many education developments have introduced new concepts in education; hence, making it necessary for establishment of concrete standards and bodies that take the overall responsibility of ensuring educational experiences remains meaningful. In addition, centralisation of education management in many governments has made the process of professionalizing education a hard task because governments solely formulate policies without consulting educators. In addition, due to the enormous contribution made by educators to the social, economic, and political conditions of societ ies, there is need for increased teacher preparation for them to work effectively and professionally in their distinct areas, something that is achievable via professionalizing education. How to Professionalise Education Educational professionalization should commence from the nature of trainings offered to teachers. In the present changing times, there exist great variations among different learner needs, considering that learners grow in different and unique environments. Therefore, this makes it important for integration of professionalization in training centres, where trainers should emphasise the need of meeting all learners needs. This will make learning meaningful and of value not only to learners, but also the entire community. For governments to achieve this, then they must accord all scholars their rightful positions as concerns reforms. It is important to note that, by giving educators the right to participate in reforms, likelihoods of success of formulated programs are high. This is because when educators themselves give decisions on radical changes that education policy makers must include in the curriculum, implementation such curriculum is easy. To ensure that original skills learnt by teachers receive continuous upgrading to meet current global economic, social, and political standards, government should come up with correct strategies of formulating building capacities for example, the application of communication technologies. This will aid the extension of teacher education, hence guaranteeing that all practitioners in the education field are qualified and meet specific standards, something that clearly defines professionalisation. Trainings and continuous upgrading of skills cannot act on their own without extensive researches in this profession. This is because there is a clear shift from the tradition rote learning method to more advanced learning methods, which dictate constant and renewed skill development. Therefore, this calls for n eed of extensive researches in this profession, something that will contribute to its upgrading and advancement; hence meet all learner needs and aspirations (Whitehead and Hartley pp. 147-157). For example, the use of the Reggio Emilia technique of teaching is a practical example of a research got technique that not only ensures learning is meaningful, but also ensures there exist good connections between learning environments, classroom settings and surrounding communities. To ensure that practitioners in education deliver the required standards, governments have to establish ways of creating teacher bodies and councils, which will undertake the overall role of ensuring educators perform to their uttermost potentials. Depending on the level of learning, it is important for governments to include not only education stakeholders views, but also their membership in this overseeing leadership groups (Mawhinney pp. 36-47). Factors Influencing Professionalisation Although the concept of education professionalization sounds an easy task, in reality it has many associated concepts that make it a subject of debate among many scholars. For example, majority of educational concepts are theoretical, hence creating a broad difference between theory and real practise as concerns professional development. From research findings, there exist dismal participation of professionals in this field a fact that majority of them attribute to the un-worthiness of such programmes. This makes it hard to professionalise education because for it to fit in the class of other professions, it must have certain qualities, where career development is a primary need. Another major factor influencing teacher professionalism is the organisational cultures of majority of schools. Depending on an institutions’ culture and educational orientation, some schools may have enhancement opportunities where as some may lack completely. This is many ways hinders the professional development of educ ators. For schools that offer advancements opportunities such as trainings, and career enhancement packages their performance is high in terms of educational delivery. This is because majority of such educators acquire extensive and better competencies that are necessary for an ever-changing society. Majority of schools with such professional development opportunities have well defined leadership roles; hence, guaranteeing educators freedom to express their concerns and needs, a factor that encourages professional advancement. Politics is another major influencing factor to professionalisation. This is because politics primarily determine the amount of resources that a country allocates educational development. In addition, politics many other influences on educational unions running, a factor that hinders teachers for expressing their ideas when it comes to policy development and implementation. Another common factor affecting professionalisation of education is the imbalances that exist between the ratios of students to teachers. As Smith (pp.74-80) argues, in most current schools, teachers have to work extra hard to meet all learners’ needs, something that has burdened teachers. This is because, currently there is an influx of students in many elementary and middle level schools; hence the small number of teachers cannot meet their demands effectively or as dictated by professional ethics. In addition, the fact that majority of these classrooms have mixed learners in terms of capabilities and handicaps compounds the factor, hence making professional development a harder task for most educators. on the other hand, considering the fact that most elementary schools have many integrated subject hipped in one curriculum makes specialisation a harder task; hence, a great impediment to professionalisation. Primarily, specialisation involves the division of work when it comes to teaching duties and attending to specific learner needs, which currently is hard to achieve in many school settings. The problem of specialisation results due to poor administrative systems, a factor that denies educators freedoms of formulating workable plans that will suit learners needs as specific times and needs. This is a problem that governments can avoid by giving teachers their required autonomy and freedoms as pertains policy development and implementation. In addition to the wide gap that exists between the number of students and teachers, the economic condition of a government or society also acts as another major influence on professionalisation of education. Majority of nation states allocate very dismal funds to their educational programs, or in some cases, although the resource allocations are sufficient to meet educational needs, little goes to educational professional development. Hence, because the professionalisation process requires sufficient funds; that are scarce, most of the initiatives to professionalise education fail; hence, the infl uence of economic viability and status of a country on professionalisation of education. On the other hand, education is worthless if it cannot meet the society needs. Hence, due to varying societal needs (that are un-satiable), professinalising education has become a hard task due to influences societies have on the organisation of educational programmes, policy formulation and their implementation. Conclusion In conclusion, to ensure education continues meeting the ever changing societal needs, there is need to professionalise it. This is because it will give teachers the autonomy to decide on meaningful experiences that policy makers must include in the process of curriculum development and implementation. In addition to giving teachers autonomy, it is necessary for governments to allow teachers to form independent bodies that will handle their discrepancies whenever they arise. For these bodies to function properly, they must be free from any governmental influences, something t hat has made education professionalisation a hard thing. Clark, Nelson and Kasar, Jack. Developing professional behaviour. New Jersey: Slack Incorporated, 2000. Web. https://books.google.com/books?id=WrPiVD39XBwCpg=PA3lpg=PA3dq=meaning+of+professionalismsource=blots=HxpfaJxiuDsig=WLlfxQ8QUCMxMc_UWtZcooJsRZohl=enei=2BVpS6mBCIuy0gTSrYyxCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CCoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageq=meaning%20of%20professionalismf=false Cunningham, Brian. Exploring professionalism. London: Institute of education, 2008. Print. Mawhinney, Hanne. School wars or school transformation: professionalizing Teaching and involving communities. Peabody journal of education, 73(1) (1998). 34-55. Web. jstor.org/stable/1493286 Robson, Jocelyn. Teacher professionalism in further and higher education:  challenges to Culture and practice. Oxon: Routledge Taylor and Francis group, 2006. Web.2Feb.2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=UF3dfUpdlCECdq=professionalism+in+educationprintsec=frontcoverso urce=inhl=enei=_Q9pS83pL4GI0wTN6ZGhCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=11ved=0CC8Q6AEwCg#v=onepageq=f=false Siriwardena, Rashid. The professionalization of education and educators in Postgraduate Medicine. Education for Primary Care, 16(3) (2005): pp.235-245. Print Smith, Selby. Some factors affecting the education of teachers in the state of Victoria, Australia. International Review of Education, 15 (1). (2005): 74-83. Print. Whitehead, Maurice and Hartley, David. Teacher education: professionalism  and Teacher education. New York: Routledge; Taylor and Francis group,2006, Web. https://books.google.com/books?id=4ISNOs3PnywCpg=PA142lpg=PA142dq=education+professionalizationsource=blots=856vpFFX8Esig=oweeNCy878b7Yyd6D8UkQpraDd8hl=enei=yk5pS8bCB5KTjAed5bnBCQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CCQQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=education%20professionalizationf=false Whitty, Geoff. Teacher professionalism in a new era. 12 March. 2006. Web. http://66.102.9.132/search?q=cache:pbpbegbX5R4J:www.gt cni.org.uk/uploads/docs/GTCNI%2520Paper.doc+professionalism+in+educationcd=5hl=enct=clnkgl=keclient=firefox-a see-educoop.net/education_in/pdf/workshop/tesee/dokumenti/erasmus013-oth-enl-t03.pdf